吉首大学学报(社会科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 98-110.DOI: 10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2025.03.011

• 法学 • 上一篇    下一篇

论野生动物的法律地位——环境法与民法的对话

林禹秋,杨朝霞   

  1. (北京林业大学 生态法研究中心,北京 100083)
  • 出版日期:2025-05-01 发布日期:2025-06-09
  • 作者简介:林禹秋,男,北京林业大学生态法研究中心研究员,北京林业大学生态文明研究院博士后。
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金重点项目(23AFX022);国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240112);中国博士后科学基金项目(2024M760217)

On the Legal Status of Wild Animals:Communication and Coordination between Environmental Law and Civil Law

LIN Yuqiu,YANG Zhaoxia   

  1. (Ecological Law Research Center,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China)
  • Online:2025-05-01 Published:2025-06-09

摘要:野生动物的法律地位是近年来备受关注的重要理论问题,中外学界对此形成了“法律主体论”“特殊物格论”“主客一体论”等主要学说,至今仍无定论。导致分歧的根源是,学者们在“事理”上对野生动物的属性以及人与野生动物的关系认识不一。实际上,野生动物除了具有资源和财产属性之外,还兼有生态、伦理、风险、环境等其他属性。因此,在“法理”认知上不能停留于传统民法学的视界,仅将野生动物视为物权法上的“物”,而应将其视为与“物”紧密相关但又有根本区别的特殊客体之“前物”“准物”。在此基础上,再重新认识野生动物资源国家所有权、狩猎权、繁育权等概念和制度所蕴含的新法理。在法律表达上,一方面可沿着法律生态化的路径,在民法典中采用“留空间”“开岔口”“设界限”“定基石”“立框架”等模式,对野生动物的法律地位以及野生动物资源所有权、他物权等相关问题作出确认性、原则性规定,并设置转介条款和引致条款作为连接《民法典》与环境专门法的制度管道。另一方面,可沿着环境法专门化的路径,在《野生动物保护法》和环境法典等环境专门法中,就野生动物资源国家所有权、狩猎权、繁育权等权利的运行,野生动物损害赔偿等民事问题作出具体规定,逐步改变“重行政,轻民事”“重权力,轻权利”的传统格局。环境法学研究要养成“事理—法理—法律”的自科法学方法论自觉,为早日形成中国自主创新的环境法学知识体系而贡献智识和力量。

关键词: 野生动物, 法律地位, 物, 环境法, 民法, 民法生态化, 《民法典》

Abstract: The legal status of wild animals has become a significant theoretical issue attracting considerable attention in recent years.Scholars have both domestically and internationally proposed major theories such as "legal subject theory","special object status theory",and "subject-object integration theory",yet no consensus has been reached.The root cause of this divergence lies in the varied understandings among scholars regarding the attributes of wild animals and the relationship between humans and wild animals from a factual perspective.In reality,beyond possessing resource and property attributes,wild animals also exhibit ecological,ethical,risk,and environmental characteristics.Therefore,from a jurisprudential perspective,it is insufficient to view wild animals merely as "objects" under traditional civil law;instead,they should be regarded as special subjects that are closely related to but fundamentally distinct from "objects",referred to here as "pre-objects" or "quasi-objects".Based on this understanding,we need to reassess new legal principles embedded in concepts and systems such as state ownership of wildlife resources,hunting rights,and breeding rights.In terms of legal expression,one approach is to follow the path of legal ecologization by incorporating "leaving space","opening branches","setting boundaries","laying foundations",and "establishing frameworks" into the Civil Code.This would involve confirming and providing principled regulations concerning the legal status of wild animals,ownership of wildlife resources,and related real rights,while also setting up referraland guiding clauses to serve as conduits linking the Civil Code with specialized environmental laws.Another approach involves following the path of specialization in environmental law,whereby specific provisions on the operation of rights such as state ownership of wildlife resources,hunting rights,and breeding rights,along with compensation for damages caused by wildlife,can be detailed within the Wildlife Protection Law and other specialized environmental legislation.This would gradually shift the traditional emphasis on administrative over civil aspects and power over rights.Environmental law research must adopt a self-conscious methodology integrating factual reasoning,jurisprudence,and legal norms to contribute intellectual insights and efforts towards forming an independently innovative body of knowledge in Chinese environmental law.

Key words: wild animals, legal status, objects, environmental law, civil law, ecologization of civil law, Civil Code

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