人工智能的隐晦政治：对人工智能价值对齐论的马克思主义社会技术批判

doi:10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2026.03.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：越来越多的人感到，人工智能（AI）正在失去控制。全球许多人工智能专家强调应高度关注所谓的“价值对齐问题”。从广义上，可以将这一问题理解为，人工智能在开发过程中如何符合人类价值观和目标所面临的挑战。有一种说法是，越来越强大的人工智能系统正在摆脱人类的控制，并且可能很快就会以一种不再受人类目的指导的方式运行。这就是我们在本文中所说的“人工智能失控论”，我们借鉴政治理论、社会技术研究和马克思主义政治经济学的互补性见解，批评所谓的人工智能拟人化和自主性，以及人工智能不可控的神话。问题不在于人类失去了对人工智能的控制，而在于只有少数强大的利益相关者通过政治上不民主的决策过程，控制着人工智能的创造和传播。因此，我们重构了价值对齐论，强调公民参与和公共政治参与，我们探讨了现有的人工智能政治体系，并思考了公民如何引导人工智能的发展或从一开始就阻止其发展的其他政治表达方式。

关键词： 人工智能, 价值对齐问题, 自主技术, 政治理论, 马克思主义政治经济学, 人工智能伦理, 社会技术研究

Abstract: There is a growing feeling that artificial intelligence (AI) is getting out of control.Many AI experts worldwide stress that great care must be taken on the so-called alignment problem,broadly understood as the challenge of developing AIs whose actions are in line with human values and goals.The story goes that ever more powerful AI systems are escaping human control and might soon operate in a manner that is no longer guided by human purposes.This is what we call the AI-out-of-control discourse which,in this paper,we critically examine and debunk.Drawing on complementary insights from political theory,socio-technical studies and Marxian political economy,we critique the supposed animistic and autonomous nature of AI,and the myth of the uncontrollability of AI.The problem is not that humanity has lost control over AI,but that only a minority of powerful stakeholders are controlling its creation and diffusion, through politically undemocratic processes of decision-making. In these terms,we reframe the alignment problem thesis with an emphasis on citizen engagement and public political participation.We shed light on the existing politics of AI and contemplate alternative political expressions whereby citizens steer AI development or stop it in the first place.

Key words: artificial intelligence, alignment problem, autonomous technology, political theory, Marxian political economy, AI ethics, socio-technical studies

[意大利]费德里科·库古鲁洛著, 潘金倩译 . 人工智能的隐晦政治：对人工智能价值对齐论的马克思主义社会技术批判[J]. 吉首大学学报（社会科学版）, 2026, 47(3): 122-136.

[Italy] Federico Cugurullo(Author), PAN Jinqian(Translator). The Obscure Politics of Artificial Intelligence:A Marxian Socio-TechnicalCritique of the AI Alignment Problem Thesis[J]. Journal of Jishou University(Social Sciences Edition), 2026, 47(3): 122-136.

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