Abstract: Harmonious productive forces and harmonious production relation are vital to a harmonious society.Only with harmonious productive forces can efficiency be improved;and only with harmonious production relation can social equality be realized.The unity of opposites between equality and efficiency comes from the unity of opposites between harmonious productive forces and production relation.A harmonious socialist society can reach balance between equality and efficiency.

Key words: productive forces, production relation, harmonious society, equality, efficiency