Table of Content

    15 April 2004, Volume 25 Issue 2
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    Cultural Studies
    Some Comments on the Chinese-Character Cultural Circle
    FENG Tian-Yu
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  1-6. 
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    As a field from where a particular culture radiated,cultural circle covers group cultures with similar cultural nature and similar humanistic environments.The Chinese-character cultural circle refers to the nations and districts that use Chinese characters or once used Chinese characters and has inherited Chinese-character tradition.Geographically,this cultural field includes China,Eastern China-Indian Peninsula,Korean Peninsula,Japen,etc,i.e. the places under East Asian cultural circle.Religiously,the field is also called “Confucian cultural circle” or “Chinese Buddhist cultural circle”.The basic elements of the circle include Chinese characters,Chinese literature,confucian tradition,Chinese Buddhism,China-pattern laws and institutions,China-pattern production technology,China-pattern customs,etc.In short,the Chinese-character cultural circle is a real,reflexible and vigorous cultural phenomenon.
    Aesthetics
    On Aesthetic Interpretation
    YANG Chun-Shi
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  7-12. 
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    Aesthetic interpretation is the indispensable part of aesthetic activities.It is the explanation of the meaning of beauty and life.It is the rational reflection and analysis of aesthetic experience.Aesthetic interpretation includes two links:one being the separation of aesthetic experience from the physical body,thus acquiring aesthetic consciousness-aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgment;the other being the reflection of aesthetic consciousness,which is aesthetic interpretation and aesthetic critiism.Aesthetic interpretation is both historical and transhistorical.The former is the base and the starting point,and the latter is the transcendence and the terminal point.In nature,aesthetic interpretation is transhistorical,i.e. breaking through the historical limit and acquiring freedom into the ultimate meaning of beauty-meaning of life and survival.
    Observation:One of the Chinese Traditional Aesthetic Methods
    CHEN Wang-Heng, WU Hai-Lun
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  13-16. 
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    Obseration is one of the basic form of Chinese traditional aesthetic methods,which is combined with sensibility,logos and emotion.By observing the person himself and looking into his soul one can achieve the freedom of spirit,What’s more,one can win harmony through the unification of subject and object.Thus observation displays one sort of aesthetic tendency which emphasizes humanity oneself.At the same time it reveals one kind of unique thinking mode of eastern aesthetics,that is to say,intuitional thinking which is on the basis of sensibility and logos that supplement each other,inner thinking,experiential thinking and intent thinking and so on.This kind of observation is unique and particular compared with the Western aesthetic concept of “vision” which is within the confines of epistemology in that it is one kind of emotional experience which is founded on the blend of subject and object,attaining certain images.
    On the Picturesque Beauty and Architectural Beauty of the Six-Character Poem of the Song Dynasty
    ZHOU Yu-Kai
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  17-22. 
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    As the six-character poem lacks a musical melody in sound and rhythm,the poet tries to enhance its picturesque beauty and architectural beauty as a compensation while composing it,especially so did the poets of the Song Dynasty.The picturesque beauty of the poem lies in the use of characters denoting colour,reduplicated characters and locality characters.In contrast with the five-character or seven-character poems,the six-character poem is better suited to the presentation of static objects in parallelism and general impression.The architectural beauty of the poem comes from its exquisite allusions and symmetrical combinations in form,sound,meaning,grammar,figures,etc.
    On Taoist Natural Aesthetic Personality
    JIAN De-Bin
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  23-27. 
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    In the system of Taoist thought represented by Zhuangzi,theword “nature” means “naturally”,“of oneself”.The Taoist doctrine that “man must conform to the earth,earth to heaven,heaven to Tao and Tao to nature” tells us that “nature” is the fundamental law of the universe and of human society.In the Taoist philosophy and aesthetics,the concept that Tao must Conform to nature really means that man must conform to nature,i.e. man must intrprete his own nature and standardize his life in conformity with the natural world and his self perosonality so as to shape a natural aesthetic personality.This kind of aesthetic personality,in the negative sense,advocates “accepting one's destiny and do nothing to change it”,in the positive sense,it emphasizes “following the nature”.The base of this extraordinary personality exists not in the real society but in the imaginary nowhere.
    Ethics
    A Quest into Institutional Commitment
    GAO Zhao-Ming
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  28-32. 
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    Institutional commitment refers to the formal promise given to the public by social organizations in the form of social structure,social operation,social institution,law and regulation.Institutional commitment provides a code for public conduct and regulates the general order of society.It is both objective and universal;it doesn't negate individual promise,instead,it needs to be supplemented by the promises and trust between individuals.It is the interaction of institutional commitment with its credibility and individual promise with its creadibility that constitutes the trust of modern society.The rationality of institutional commitment doesn't lie in the non-individuality of the subject of commitment but in the objectivity and universality of the commitment subject and in its freedom from inclination and contingency.Therefore,institutional commitment is of dignity and authority and can be trusted by members of society in the adjustment of their private and public conduct.
    A Survey of the Essential Features of Western Ethics in Its Various Periods
    YANG Fang
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  33-38. 
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    The history of western ethics is in general divided into four periods as ancient,medieval,modern,and contemporary time.They take hold of essential features of their own which can be characterized in perspective of central field(s),of leading spirits,of academic relationship structure,and of focuses in disputation.The essential features of Greek & Rome ethics is described as follows: its central fields are the theory of virtue and the outlook on life;its leading spirits are anthropocentrism,temperatism and eudemonism;its academic relationship structure is the co-existence of many close schools which dispute eagerly on these or those issues;and its focuses in disputation lie chiefly between temperatism and untemperatism on the pattern of life and between hedonism and aretiehism on the standard of morals.Those of medieval Christian theological ethics as follows: its central fields are the theological theory of virtue and the theological outlook on life;its leading spirits are theocentrism,asceticism and mysticism;its academic relationship structure is on the whole the presence of one school which takes a monopolized position exclusively;and its focuses in disputation lie chiefly between determinism and libertarianism on the moral faculty and between devotionalism and rationalism on the moral action.Those of modern western ethics as follows: its central field is the philosophy of morals;its leading spirits are humanitarianism,individualism,hedonism,rationalism,and subjectivism;its academic relationship structure is the gradual increase of loose schools which make a controversy sometimes with each other;and its focuses in disputation lie chiefly between human nature’s goodness and badness and between utilitarianism and deontalism on the standard of morals.Those of contemporary western ethics as follows: its central fields are the linguistics of morals,the psychology of morals,the philosophy of morals and the outlook on life
    ;its leading spirits are neo-humanitarianism,neo-individualism,neo-utilitarianism,irrationalism,and relativism;its academic relationship structure is the prosperity of various kinds of schools which argue vehemently among one another on these or those issues;and its focuses in disputation lie chiefly between scientism and humanism on the disciplinary nature of ethics and between individualism and collectivism on the relationship of individual interests to common ones.
    An Investigation into the Three Levels of Justice and Their Relationships
    WANG Gui-Yan
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  39-42. 
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    Justice has been a disputable subject since ancient times.The author thinks that there is two one-sided tendencies in the research of justice.One is abstract. The other is individual.Actually,justice is both a concept and a social reality. We should make researches in justice in three levels-concept,system and daily life-and the three levels are related and influence  each other.Therefore,it is difficult to break away from the dilemma when we view justice in only one of the three levels.
    An Analysis on Ethic Compromise in Administrating Activity
    LIU Xue-Feng
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  43-45. 
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    Compromise in administrating activity that takes place frequently is not as it should be criticized.Ethic compromise in administrating activity is worth arguing for.Of course,Ethic compromise in administrating activity is not the purpose.By pinpointing the object standard and environment and encouraging the administrate subject,we can transcend  the limit of ethic compromise in administration activity.
    Philosophy
    On the Value Rationality of Market Economy and Man's Modern Ideas
    YUAN Zu-She
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  46-51. 
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    Marketeconomy is of deep value rationality.It adheres to and gives prominence to man's value-orientation of independence,self-consciousness and self-discipline in rational activities.This rational pursuit is in complete conformity with modern ideas on man's qualification.The founding of socialist market economy provides ample opportunity for the realization of the modernization of man himself.Its founding,perfecting and deepening will foster a new society in which man will not only have individual freedom and personality independence but also the spirit of fine cultural tradition and world citizen.This is the core of the excellent national quality demanded by modern civilized society.
    Re-entering Marx's Vision of Natural Theory——On Marx's Evitical Angle of Natural Theory
    LIU Xing-Zhang
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  52-57. 
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    After the realization of laying a corner stone for his ontology of natural theory on the basis of “practical principle”,Marx turned his attention to the contemporary capitalist society,questing the status quo of the existing man and nature from the perspectives of economy and philosophy.Here,Marx's critical angle of natural theory became quite obvious.
    On Rational Need and Rationality of Practice
    YU Xiao-Ju
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  58-63. 
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    With the study of the problem of the man’s subjectivity and value going deeper,and closer attention being paid to the modern human dilemmas,the problem of rationalneed and rationality of practice comes out the forestage.Man’s nature and need and practice have inherent consistency.Therefore,the rationality of need is the precondition and crucial tache to the rationality of practice.The rationalization of need and practice is inward meaning of man’s  all-round development,and also is the outlet of conquering modern human dilemmas and realizing man’s all-round free development.
    Literature
    Aristotle and the Establishment of Western Poetical Hermeneutics
    LI Yong-Yin
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  64-69. 
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    Aristotle established the main paradigm of the western poetical hermeneutics. It can be represented by the establishment of the object of poetical explanation, the revealment of the imitated essence of literary creation, the relation and the differentiation of the literary styles, the illustration of the poetical function and tragic sensation and the core function of the literary language. So the later poetical explanations are mainly developed  on the basis of ideology of Aristotle.
    Criticism on Moral Narration in Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literary History
    ZHANG Guang-Mang
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  70-75. 
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    The real “grand narration” in modern and contemporary Chinese literatur is moral narration.Its substantial content can find expression in “morality above everything and personal morality first”.Though the May 4th literary movement advocated “new morality against old morality”,which was a revolutionary mark of narrative conversion,certain fundamental value principles of traditional moral narration still played a decisive role in the deeper structure of morality.The promotion of new morality is closely related with traditional moral narration.Moral narration,on the one hand,is the extension of the aesthetic principle of “morality above everything”,on the other,it gradually  develops into aesthetically pragmatic moral narration.
    On the Thinking Mode and Critic Method of Contemporary Literary Contention
    WU Li-Chang
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  76-79. 
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    Contemporary literary contention has left a clear trail in its content and controversial points,and its thinking mode and critic method are worth paying attention to.The issue of 30 years' literary contention since the May 4th Movement has centred around the relationship between liturature and politics,shaping rouphly the two poles of interference and anti-interference and removal and anti-removal.There appeared four frequently seen phenomena in the course of contention:(1) The contention seemed hot,but not tit for tat;(2)it produced a diametrically opposed thinking mode of “either this or that”;(3)it gave way to attacking just one point and not involving others;and (4) it lacked a rational and tolerant attitude.This sort of thinking and criticism produced far-reaching negative influence upon the subsquent development of literature.
    Chanting the Elegy in A Calm Voice:A Farewell to the Two-Masted Ship in May——A Discussion on the Poetry Written by Shu Ting in the 1990's(Together with Some in the 1980's)
    LUO Zhen-Ya, WANG Xue-Hong
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  80-85. 
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    The poetry written by ShuTing in the 1980's mainly belonged to  romanticist category.However,her poetry in the 1990's kept the typical style of modernism.It expressed the theme of the unbearable lightness of being.Shu Ting follows the tendency of the Feminist poetic composition shifting from body to words and  expressions.What she has done functions as a sort of enlightenment to later poets.
    The Dream-Seeking of a Wanderer:An Interpretation of the Poetry “Flowering Women”
    SHE Zuo-Chen
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  86-89. 
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    “Fowering Women” is a collection of poems that has challenged much attention among literary circles.The poetry embodies the tragic course of dream-seeking of a modern female poet.There are in the poetry the poet's reminiscences of childhood,awakening of sensual pleasures of city life,eagerness for love and strong self-appreciation,reflecting the poet's passion and value orientation.Its greatest charms lies in the poet's recalling the past and aspiring after beauty and in the blending of justice and tenderness.Its love chanting possesses an amazing beauty.In the artistic reflection of child life,city,personal fate and survival hardships,the poet fully manifested the deepest thought of a modern wanderer.
    Shencongwen Studies
    On the Implication of “Autobiography of Gongwen” and “The Border City”
    DONG Zhi-Lin
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  90-94. 
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    “Border City” not only depicts the banished remote life of Western Hunan,but also tunes out the author's stubborn and complicated voice in defiance of challenges of modern society.The book,written between 1920s and 1940s,tells a vivid story of what happened in that banished remote area that touch the very heart of modern man and the brilliance of human nature existing there that fascinates modern men and women.As a sign of the unbalanced development of literature and society,“Border City” enables us the experience the variety of human nature and makes us reflect on the deficiency of the idea of building a union of society.It also tells us that,beyond the scope of realistic and rational interpretation,literature still has a broad space in depicting and expressing human nature.
    “The Border City”:An Abandoned Antimodernization Fortress
    LIU Yong-Tai
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  95-100. 
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    The fundamental motive of the creation of “The Border City” might be regarded as giving vent to the surpressed desire of inner heart and getting rid of the pressure of city civilization,which shows that its creation is a sort of resistance—nostalgic of the old life of Western Hunan and resistant against modernization.Between the defendence of old values and resistance against new values,“The Border City”,with its poetic charm in story-telling,stands as a peaceful antimodernization fortress.The tragic end of “The Border City” reveals the declining fate of a traditional society under the impact of modernization movement.It is an elegy sung to the old declining Xiangxi(the area in Western Hunan).The author finally betrayed his feelings,destroyed “Border City” moved out of the fortress,and complied with the tide of modernization.The aesthetic value of “The Border City” lies in that its aesthetic radiance lights the remote border city of Xiangxi,lights the faded traditional society,and will forever light the way for modern men in their seeking for a spiritual home.
    A Brief Account of Researches on “The Border City”
    YANG Rui-Ren
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  101-104. 
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    Research works concerning “The Border City” in the past seventy years may be divided into three categories:pastoral;rustic,tragedy,symbol;and historical criticism.Researchers hold that pastoral is the main note of “The Border City”,under which display a tragedy.The whole work is of great and profound symbolism,which may be clearly seen from the perspectives of culture and historical criticism.
    History
    On the Embudiment of the Will of the People in the Handle of Huang Mei Case in the Reign of Qianlong of the Tang Dynasty
    WANG Ri-Gen, MIAO Xin-Hao
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  105-111. 
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    In the reign of Emperor Qianlong,corruption was the order of the day,and severe measures were adopted to punish corrupted officials.The case of Huang Mei(who was magistrate of Pingyang County,Zhejiang Province) was not so complicated but underwent complexed processes.While handling this case,Cao Wenzhi,Minister of the Board of Revenue,and Dou Guangnai,Educational Administrator of Zhejiang Province,vied with each other in making advantage of public opinion to add to their political weight,and molded varied copies of popular will.The case was finally closed,but the complexed process itself showed that there existed proper soil for the spread of corruption and that the function of corruption-punishing mechanism of Emperor Qianlong was rather limited.
    Economics
    On the Solution to the “Three Agricultural Problems” and the Development of Small Towns
    XU Jing-Yong, HUANG Huan-Wen
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  112-115. 
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    Small towns are of strategic significance to the rural social and economic development.The prospering of the economy of small towns will no doubt stimulate the growth of country economy.The rapid growth of country economy is the fundalmal way to solve the “Three Agricultural Problems”.The development of Township economy is closely related to the growth of rural economy.Without the stimulation of the dynamic force of township economy,the prosperity of rural economy is out of the question,to say nothing about narrowing the differences between city and countryside.
    On the Development Mode of County-level Civil-Running Ecomomy——An Analysis of the Development Track of Civil-Running Ecomomy of Yongshun County
    LV Xue-Fang
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  116-120. 
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    The development of county-level civil-running economy is featured by mechanic invention,agricultural industrialization,tourism industrialization and township construction.The factors that hinder its further development include conventional concepts,lack of talents,backward management,etc.What is more,such disadvantages as insufficient market,meagre capital,taxation,poor investment environ,poor information also paralyze its growth.Therefore,priority should be given to renewing ideas,inventing new mechanism,bettering investment environment,introducing capital,broadening production market,providing sound service and removing trade barrier.
    Linguistics
    A Finding Report on Bilingualism in Dianfang Township,Longshan County,Hunan Province
    LI Qi-Qun
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  121-124. 
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    This report tries to bring to light the situation under which the Dianfang natives speak both the Tujia and Han languages and the characteristics of how they use the two languags,to analyze how bilingualism came into being in this region,and to find out the tendency of its development and the problems to be solved.
    Markedness Theory and the Markedness of English Gender Nouns
    JIANG He-Zhou
    Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, 2004, 25(2):  125-128. 
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    This paper focuses on the application of markedness theory to the use of gender nouns in English. It is discovered that in English, personal masculine nouns tend to be unmarked while personal feminine nouns are marked, and that the distinction is not so clear-cut with animal nouns, for either masculine or feminine ones can be marked or unmarked. However, it is not unusual that asymmetry as well as markedness reversals and neutralization occur in the use of both personal and animal gender nouns.
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