环境损害责任与全球环境法的兴起

doi:10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2016.03.001

吉首大学学报（社会科学版）

• 特稿 • 下一篇

环境损害责任与全球环境法的兴起

[美]罗伯特 V.珀西瓦尔（著）；杨朝霞，黄婧（译）

（1.马里兰大学法学院，美国马里兰州 MD20742；2.北京林业大学生态法研究中心，北京 100083；3.工业和信息化部国际经济技术合作中心，北京 100804）

出版日期:2016-05-01 发布日期:2016-06-27
作者简介:罗伯特 V.珀西瓦尔（Robert V.Percival），男，美国马兰里大学法学院教授，环境法项目主任。译者简介：杨朝霞，男，博士，北京林业大学生态法研究中心副教授。
基金资助:
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（2015ZCQ-RW-03）；国家社会科学基金项目（15BFX148）

Liability for Environmental Harm and Emerging Global Environmental Law

Robert V.Percival；YANG Zhaoxia，HUANG Jing

(1.Law School,University of Maryland,USA Margland MD20742;2.Department of Law,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;3.Researh Institute of WTO and Laws Concerning Foreign Affairs,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,Beijing 100846,China)

Online:2016-05-01 Published:2016-06-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球环境法是在全球化的背景下随着环境法律移植和创新的深入发展而得以产生和演进的，其中，全球环境损害责任制度堪为缩影和写照。在国内法层面，为了克服污染受害者起诉污染者承担损害赔偿责任的制度性障碍，一些国家采取了放宽因果关系证明要求和转移举证责任等多种因应措施。然而，在国际层面，对于针对美国跨国公司在国外的环境侵权行为的诉讼，美国法院往往以不方便美国法院原则、适用《外国人侵权法》在美国起诉须以被告违反国际法为条件、非居民外国人不具备审慎起诉资格等为由而拒不受理，致使环境受害者在美国的诉讼阻力重重。作为应对，发展中国家采取了一系列举措。其中，最典型的立法对策是，规定一旦案件在国外起诉，国内法院便自动丧失管辖权；在原告所在国起诉的，允许以被告所在国的法律来计算污染损害赔偿额，等等。因而，一国对外国原告提起的环境诉讼的接受和承认外国判决之互惠条件准则的出台，将变得越来越重要。今后跨国环境私人诉讼将不断推动全球环境损害责任制度的发展，而不断革新的全球环境损害责任制度也将成为全球环境法新格局中的重要组成部分。

关键词： 环境损害责任, 全球环境法, 环境诉讼

Abstract:

With the growth of global concern for the environment，nations are transplanting environmental law and policy innovations even from countries with very different legal and cultural traditions.These developments are blurring lines that traditionally separated conceptions of domestic and international law and public and private law.This is leading to the emergence of “global environmental law.” This paper reviews the historical development of liability standards for environmental harm and their haphazard incorporation into public international law.It discusses evolving national standards of liability and the obstacles that have made it difficult for victims of environmental harm to hold polluters liable under domestic law.It then examines initiatives to overcome these obstacles in certain countries by relaxing traditional causation requirements and shifting burdens of proof.The paper also explores how climate change is spawning new litigation strategies that seek to hold polluters liable for global harm as well as the growth of private litigation to recover against multinational enterprises for the harm their actions cause in foreign countries.It concludes that as globalization continues to blur traditional distinctions between international and domestic law and between private and public law，liability standards for global harm are emerging more from “bottom up,” private initiatives than from the negotiation of multilateral treaties.As a result，as countries strengthen their own domestic liability standards to redress environmental harm，states’ receptiveness to entertain lawsuits by foreign plaintiffs and the development of reciprocity standards for the recognition of foreign judgments will become increasingly important.Transnational private litigation will help provide further impetus for the development of global liability norms that ultimately will become an important part of the new architecture of global environmental law.

Key words: environmental harm liability, global environmental law, environmental litigation, public international law

[美]罗伯特 V.珀西瓦尔（著）；杨朝霞，黄婧（译） . 环境损害责任与全球环境法的兴起[J]. 吉首大学学报（社会科学版）, DOI: 10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2016.03.001.

Robert V.Percival；YANG Zhaoxia，HUANG Jing. Liability for Environmental Harm and Emerging Global Environmental Law[J]. Journal of Jishou University（Social Sciences）, DOI: 10.13438/j.cnki.jdxb.2016.03.001.

参考文献

[1] Robert V.Percival，The Globalization of Environmental Law，26 PACE ENVTL L.REV.451 (2009)；Tseming Yang & Robert V.Percival，The Emergence of Global Environmental Law，36 ECOLOGY L.Q.615 (2009).
[2] LAKSHMAN D.GURUSWAMY ET AL.，INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND WORLD ORDER：A PROBLEM-ORIENTED COURSEBOOK 327 (1994).
[3] EDITH BROWN WEISS ET AL.，INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 419-423 (2d ed.2007.
[4] David Rosenberg，The Dusting of America：A Story of Asbestos-Carnage，Cover-up and Litigation，99 HARV.L.REV.1693，1695 (1986).
[5] Eri Osaka，Reevaluating the Role of the Tort Liability System in Japan，26 ARIZ.J.INT’L & COMP.L.393，420-421 (2009).
[6] Matt Pottinger，Steve Stecklow & John J.Fialka，Invisible Export：A Hidden Cost of China’s Growth-Mercury Migration，WALL ST.J.，Dec.17，2004，at A1.
[7] Rachel D’Oro，Kivalina，Alaska：Eroding Village Appeals Lawsuit’s Dismissal，Blames Corporations for Climate Change，HUFFINGTON POST，Jan.28，2010.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/29/kivalina-appeals-eroding-_n_ 441420.html.
[8] Thomas W.Merrill，Golden Rules for Transboundary Pollution，46 DUKE L.J.931，935 (1997).
[9] Victoria Arthaud，Environmental Destruction in the Amazon：Can U.S.Courts Provide a Forum for the Claims of Indigenous Peoples?，7 GEO.INT’L ENVTL L.REV.195 (1994).
[10] David W.Robertson，Forum Non Conveniens in America and England：A Rather Fantastic Fiction，103 LAW Q.REV.398，419 (1987).
[11] Rick Kennedy，Fruit of the Poison Tree：In a Dallas Court，Costa Rican Banana Workers Claim a Banana Pesticide Left Them Sterile，DALLAS OBSERVER，Mar.10，2005.http:// www.dallasobserver.com/content/printVersKm/285584.
[12] Marc Lifhser，Unocal Settles Human Rights Lawsuit Over Alleged Abuses at Myanmar Pipeline，L.A.TIMES，Mar.22，2005，at C1.http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/22/business/fi-unocal22.
[13] Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law-Tentative Settlement of ATCA Hitman Rights Suits Against Unocal，99 AM.J.INT’L L.479，498 (2005) (quoting Press Release，Unocal Corp.，Settlement Reached in Human Rights Lawsuit，Dec.13，2004).
[14] Peter Waldman & Timothy Maples，A Global Journal Report：Administration Sets New Hurdles for Human-Rights Cases，WALL ST.J.，Aug.7，2002，at B1.
[15] Cassandra Burke Robertson，Transnational Litigation and Institutional Choice，51 B.C.L.REV.(forthcoming Sept.2010).
[16] RONALD A.BRAND & SCOTT R.JABLONSKI，FORUM NON CONVENIENS：HISTORY，GLOBAL PRACTICE，AND FUTURE UNDER THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON CHOICE OF COURT AGREEMENTS 132-33 (2007).
[17] Ben Casselman，Chevron Expects to Fight Ecuador Lawsuit in U.S.——As Largest Environmental Judgment on Record Looms，the Oil Company Reassures Shareholders it Won’t Pay，WALL ST.J.，July 20，2009，at B3.
[18] David R.Baker，Judge Recuses Himself in Suit Against Chevron，SAN FRAN.CHRON.，Sept.5，2009.http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-09-05/business/17205188_1_tapes-videos-case.
[19] Mercedes Alvaro，Judge in Chevron Case Agrees to Step Aside，WALL ST.J.，Sept.7，2009.http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125208172990086901.html.
[20] Press Release，Chevron Corp.，Chevron Files International Arbitration Against the Government of Ecuador Over Violations of the United States-Ecuador Bilateral Investment Treaty (Sept.23，2009).http://www.chevron.com/news/press/release/?id=2009-09-23.
[21] Steve Stecklow，Fraud by Trial Lawyers Taints Wave of Pesticide Lawsuits，Wall St.J.，Aug.19，2009，at A1.http:// online.wsj.com/article/SB125061508138340501.html.
[22] David Leigh，How UK Oil Company Trafigura Tried to Cover Up African Pollution Disaster，GUARDIAN，Sept.16，2009.http:// www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/16/trafigura-african-pollution-disaster.
[23] David Leigh，Greenpeace Continues Trafigura Pursuit Over Toxic Waste，GUARDIAN，Sept.20，2009.http:// www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/20/greenpeace-trafigura-toxic-waste.
[24] Robert V.Percival，Environmental Law in the Twenty-First Century，25 VA.ENVTL L.J.1，32 (2007).
[25] Michael I.Jeffrey，Transboundary Pollution and Cross Border Remedies，18 CAN.-U.S.L.J.173，177 (1992).

环境损害责任与全球环境法的兴起

Liability for Environmental Harm and Emerging Global Environmental Law

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 0

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价